What is the process of comparing data with a set of rules or values to find out if the data is correct?

Data validation

Explanation:

Data validation is a process of checking and ensuring how valid a data is by comparing it with a set of rules or values.  In other words, data validation checks for the validity of data. A data is valid if it is meaningful and correct.

For example, in validating a phone number, one might want to make sure it does not contain any letter. A phone number cannot contain but pure numbers and a few signs such as + and -.

In validating the last name of a person, one might want to ensure that it does not contain special characters such as @, #, & and so on. It has to contain nothing but letters.