Which is represented by the arrow labeled 4 in the diagram? a. water is absorbing heat energy and changing from a liquid to a gas. b. water is releasing heat energy and changing from a gas to a liquid. c. water is running and collecting along the surface. d. water is being absorbed into the ground.

Which of the following elements would you expect to have the highest ionization energy value, and why? a. chlorine (cl), because it has a low effective nuclear charge and large radius b. fluorine (f), because it has a large radius and naturally forms a negative ion c. lithium (li), because it has a small radius and naturally forms a positive ion d. neon (ne), because it has a high effective nuclear charge and small radius