Explain, in detail, how you convert grams of one substance to grams of something else. be specific and include each step.

Explanation:

First, I will assume you are asking the procedure to get mass of a substance, after we initiate a chemical reaction. If this is the case, then, let's explain it with an example:

Let's suppose we have the following reaction:

Zn + 2HCl > ZnCl₂ + H₂

And we part with 4.55 g of Zinc (Zn). We want to know the mass produced of ZnCl₂.

This is a simple reaction, where we only do conservation of mass. So, to get the mass of ZnCl2, we need to begin with the Zinc first, because we start with that given mass.

the mass of Zinc is 4.55 g. Chemicals reactions are better worked in moles rather than mass, because coefficients in the chemical reaction are in moles. So, in the case of the reaction (Which is already balanced):

Zn + 2HCl > ZnCl₂ + H₂

The number 2 that it's behind the HCl represents the theorical moles of that substance, in this case, we need 2 moles of HCl to react with only 1 mole of Zinc. It's 1 mole of Zinc because there are no numbers there, so, we always assume there's a 1 in there.

Now that we know this, let's calculate the moles of Zinc. To do that, we need the molar mass of Zinc. This can be obtained in the exercise or look the periodic table, and search for the Zinc. In this case, the molar mass of Zinc is 65.38 g/mol. So to get the moles:

n = m/MM

Replacing the data:

n = 4.55 g / 65.38 g/mol = 0.0695 moles

These are the moles of Zn reacting in the chemical reaction. Now, we should do some stechiometry. In this case, we can see that, 1 mole of zinc (In the reaction) produces 1 mole of ZnCl2, therefore the moles of Zn obtained, will be the same moles produced of ZnCl2, thus:

moles ZnCl2 = moles Zn = 0.0695 moles

Finally, with the molar mass of ZnCl2, we can calculate the mass. the molar mass of ZnCl2 is 132.29 g/mol so:

m = n * MM

Replacing:

m = 0.0695 * 132.29

m = 9.19 g of ZnCl2

And this is the simple way to obtain the mass of a substance in a reaction

according to the u.s. department of agriculture, the label of "certified organic" comes with a set of highly regulated standards for environmental stewardship and resource conservation. some of these include maintenance and improvement of soil quality, prevention of ground and surface water contamination, greenhouse gas regulation, encouragement of biodiversity and conservation of water and energy (see references 1). organic practices integrate natural methods such as mulching, plant diversity, native and adapted plants, crop rotation and the introduction of beneficial insects to control pests without synthetic pesticides.

environmental implications of pesticides

synthetic pesticides ensure high crop yields. while effective in achieving this goal, pesticides contaminate soil, air, ground and surface water, as well as the plants and animals that come into contact with these contaminated sources. freshwater and marine organisms are particularly susceptible to pesticides through agricultural runoff. pesticides also reduce soil fertility (necessitating the use of synthetic fertilizers) and can travel far from the original source, contaminating water and air hundreds of miles from the location of application (see references 2).

health implications of organics

although a subject of particular debate, many recent findings show that organic food is healthier than conventionally grown food. according to the usda, an extensive european union-funded study found that organically grown foods contain more beneficial compounds, such as the vitamins and antioxidants needed to combat many diseases (see references 5). organic milk, meat and eggs are regulated to ensure they are free of hormones administered to conventional livestock and poultry.

health implications of pesticides

pesticides affect human health in three ways: through skin contact, inhalation and ingestion. acute and long-term exposure to pesticides can cause serious health problems for farmers who apply them. the majority of other people are affected by drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated marine life (see references 3). pesticides have been linked to neurological disorders, endocrine and reproductive disorders, immune system deficiencies and cancer. according to the world health organization, acute pesticide poisoning (app) is responsible for significant annual mortality, especially in developing nations (see references 4).

other important considerations

not every small farm or business owner can afford the costly certification process required to be considered "certified organic," even if the farm is not using chemicals. "transitional" farms include those that once used chemicals and are now transitioning to organic-only production. in addition, though organic farming methods offer obvious environmental benefit, an organic apple shipped from around the world creates a different set of environmental problems. locally grown food (particularly locally grown, organic food) is key in sustainable food production.