Water treatment plants commonly use chlorination to destroy bacteria. a byproduct is chloroform (chcl3), a suspected carcinogen produced when hocl, formed by the reaction of cl2 and water, reacts with dissolved organic matter. the united states, canada, and the world health organization have set a limit of 100. ppb of chcl3 in drinking water. convert this concentration into molarity, molality, mole fraction, and mass percent. enter your answers in scientific notation.

Molarity :M =  8.368.10⁻⁷

molality = 8.368.10⁻⁷

mole fraction  = 1.508 .10⁻⁸

mass percent = 10⁻⁵%

The concentration of a substance can be expressed in several quantities such as moles, percent (%) weight/volume,), molarity, molality, parts per million (ppm) or mole fraction. Concentration shows the amount of solute in a unit of the amount of solvent.

Molality shows how many moles are dissolved in every 1000 grams of solvent.

m = Molality

n = number of moles of solute

p = solvent mass (1000 grams)

Mole itself is the number of particles contained in a substance

amounting to 6.02.10 ^ 23

Mole can also be sought if the amount of substance mass and its molar mass is known

Molarity is a way to express the density of the solution

Molarity shows the number of moles of solute in every 1 liter of solute or mmol in each ml of solution

Where

M = Molarity

n = Number of moles of solute

V = Volume of solution

ppb mean : part per billion or 1 : 10⁹, the convertion are :

1 ppm = 1 mg/l

1 ppm = 1000 ppb

1 ppb = 10⁻³ mg/l

100 ppb = 0.1 mg/l = 10⁻⁴ g/l

molar mass CHCl₃ = 12 + 1 + 35.5 .3 = 119.5 grams/mole

mole CHCl₃ = mass : molar mass

mole CHCl₃ = 10⁻⁴ g : 119.5

mole CHCl₃ = 8.368.10⁻⁷

Because the water(solvent) = 1 L, so the molarity :

M = mol : L

M = 8.368.10⁻⁷ : 1 L

M =  8.368.10⁻⁷

mole CHCl₃ = 8.368.10⁻⁷

Solvent = 1 L = 1 Kg(ρ water = 1 g/ml or 1 kg/L)

molality = mole : 1 kg solvent

molality = 8.368.10⁻⁷  : 1

molality = 8.368.10⁻⁷

mole water = 1000 gr : 18 (molar mass H₂O)

mole water = 55.5

mole fraction = mole CHCl₃ : (mole H₂O + mole CHCl₃)

mole CHCl₃ is considered very small, then

mole fraction = mole CHCl₃ : mole H₂O

mole fraction = 8.368.10⁻⁷ : 55.5

mole fraction  = 1.508 .10⁻⁸

mass CHCl₃ = 10⁻⁴ grams

mass H₂O = 1000 grams

mass percent = mass CHCl₃ : (mass CHCl₃+mass H₂O) x 100%

mass CHCl₃ is considered very small, then

mass percent = (mass CHCl₃ : mass H₂O)x 100%

mass percent = 10⁻⁴  : 10³ x 100%

mass percent = 10⁻⁵%

the molality of the solution

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the difference between molarity and molality

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Keywords: molality, molarity, mass percent, mole fraction

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