Why does ionization energy tend to increase as you move across a period

What term is missing from the central region that describes hypotheses, theories, and laws? popular predictable mathematical falsifiable

The human eye contains a molecule called 11-cis-retinal that changes shape when struck with light of sufficient energy. the change in shape triggers a series of events that results in an electrical signal being sent to the brain that results in vision. the minimum energy required to change the conformation of 11-cis-retinal within the eye is about 164 kj/mol.

Estimate the molar mass of the gas that effuses at 1.6 times the effusion rate of carbon dioxide.