this population died out when there were no mutations How did having mutations allow the population to survive the environment change?

Some parameters in the population genetics of mutations*.

Naturally, a review of this length cannot cover all aspects of the population genetics of mutations. For example, mutation plays a pivotal part in coalescent theory (Hein et al. 2005) and in the construction of genotype–phenotype maps that are at the core of some efforts to understand adaptive landscapes, which provide a paradigm for understanding many broader aspects of population genetics from the perspective of individual mutations (‘causes cancer or not’), as reviewed elsewhere (Loewe 2009). Here we focus almost entirely on how populations of individuals are changed by large numbers of mutations that have specified effects on fitness.

In §2 of this paper, we discuss what is known about the diversity of mutations, and here and subsequently we refer to other papers in this themed issue that provide more in-depth information. In §3, we review some of the relevant theory in population genetics, starting with (i) simple theories that treat the fate of individual mutations in isolation before turning to more complicated models that consider (ii) linkage, (iii) epistasis, (iv) quantitative genetics approaches, and (v) challenges faced when attempting to integrate all these. Subsequently, we provide an overview of several general questions that have been resolved and others that remain (§4) and finally some conclusions (§5).2

h let me think

in chemistry, adhesion and cohesion are attractive forces that exist between molecules. they hold the molecules together from each other. they are different in that adhesive force exists between molecules of different substance while cohesive force happens between molecules of same substance.

adhesion between water and glass causes water molecules at the edge of water and glass interface to climb up the wall in a narrow glass tube. this is called capillary action. cohesion is what gives glass its shape and causes water to form a droplet.