How does the 2− in the formula for the carbonate ion (CO32-) affect its electron dot structure?

They carry out the exchange of gases as we breathe ( oxygen and carbon dioxide).

Most likely a is the answer - because  you generate   38 atp's but also consume an atp.   each atp gives approx. less than 4 kcal so probably a is the closest answer.

the catch is that the top numbers are atomic masses the bottom numbers are the numbers of protons and electrons in an uncharged atom. they are the number of that atoms as you would find them on the periodic table. further, the numbers on the left are used to determine the missing numbers on the right

so here we go

atomic mass

239 + 1 = y + 134 + 3 combine like terms

240 = y + 137             subtract 137 from both terms

240 - 137 = y

103 = y

atomic number

94 = z +54 + 0

94 = z + 54               subtract 54 from both sides.

40 = z

answer

The mass has escaped into a gas which you can not see so the law stays true.