what equation is used in calculating the ph of buffers? what expression does this equation derive from?

They are all full and don't need any more electrons in there outer shell.

Must be negative.substance increases

Ans. : frostbite is when exposure to cold temperatures causes freezing to the skin or other tissues. it most commonly affects the hands, feet, and face. the longer areas are exposed to cold, typically the worse the frostbite. the water temperature used for rewarming a frostbitten part should be : (102 -105) f degrees.