When doing medical research with human subjects, which four limitations are unavoidable?

Answer

The limitations are-

1. Privacy of the individuals involved in the research process.

2. Physical and psychological risks should be minimized

3. The subjects should be chosen equitably

4. Only reasonable exposure to risks is admissible.

Explanation

The privacy of the individuals involved in the research must be taken into consideration. This will ensure safety of patient data and information. The risk of physical and physiological well being of the person must be taken into consideration in such a research. In addition to that, the subject must be made to understand every procedure and the risks involved before testing. Moreover, only minimal exposure to risks is allowed and must have been previously tested in animals to avoid deaths.

answer: - 3.) the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

solution: - as per the rules, oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is -2. the sum of oxidation numbers of all the elements of a molecule or compound is zero.

also, the oxidation number in elemental form is zero.

in no, the oxidation number of o is -2 so the oxidation number of n is +2 so that the sum is zero.

similarly, the oxidation number of c in co is +2 and o is -2.

on product side the oxidation number of n is 0 as it is in the elemental form() .

oxidation number of c in carbon dioxide is +4 as there are two oxygen in it and we know that each oxygen is -2.

so, oxidation number of n is changing from +2 to 0 and the oxidation number of c is changing from +2 to +4.

since nitrogen is reduced and hence no is acting as an oxidizing agent. carbon is oxidized and so co is acting as a reducing agent.

so, the right choice is number 3.)the oxidation state of nitrogen in no changes from +2 to 0, and the oxidation state of carbon in co changes from +2 to +4 as the reaction proceeds.

qualitative observation deals with data that can be observed with our senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. they do not involve measurements or numbers. for instance, colors, shapes, and textures of objects are all qualitative observations.