Consider the following reaction: H2CO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + HCO31-(aq)

The addition of which of the following will cause the equilibrium to shift, according to the common ion effect?

A. H2O

B. NaH

C. CN-

D. NH4+

Answerthis solution will not form a precipitateexplanationsolubility equilbrium:         pbf₂(s)  ⇄ pb²⁺(aq) + 2 f⁻(aq)the solubility product expression is    (we exclude solids from the equilibrium expression).now suppose we have the trial ion product q, which we can define as    then, we can interpret  q as the product of the concentration of the ions that we have and ksp as the product of the ion concentrations that are needed to form a saturated solution.if q > ksp, then that implies that there will be a surplus of ions that exceed the amount that is required to form a saturated solution. a precipitate will then form (the precipitate continually  forms until the surplus ions are removed and q is decreased to ksp's value).if q = ksp, the saturated solution that forms is barely saturated and the precipitate will be minimal.if q < ksp, then the ion concentration will not be enough to form a saturated solution (so no precipitate).using our information, we calculate the trial ion product:     since q = 2.7  × 10⁻⁸ < ksp =  4  ×  10⁻⁸, a precipitate will not form.

(no3)⁻n has oxidation number x,o has oxidation number -2.(x*1 -2*3) charge of the nitrate ion, and we know that charge of the nitrate ion =-1.so,(x*1 -2*3) =-1x-6=-1x=+5answer a. +5.