How do you determine a limiting or excess reagent? give me some sort of equation to follow, no links please​

Many radioactive atoms that have large masses undergo radioactive decay by releasing a particle that is identical to a helium-4 nucleus. what changes in the original atom are expected as a result of this natural phenomenon? the atomic number and the mass number will decrease. the atomic number and the mass number will increase. the atomic number will increase, and the mass number will decrease. the atomic number will decrease, and the mass number will increase.