Did the neutral metal atoms lose or gain
valence electrons
when the neutral
atoms formed ions?

answer

fusion: the energy source of stars. the energy released from the collapse of the gas into a protostar causes the center of the protostar to become extremely hot. when the core is hot enough, nuclear fusion commences. fusion is the process where two hydrogen atoms combine to form a helium atom, releasing energy.

hope it

d.) circle motion requires a force to give it a centripetal acceleration.

it's filtration, but this is an assumption so my apologies if i got this