What observation led chadwick (and rutherford) to conclude there must be something besides just the proton in the nucleus of atoms?

Rutherford discovered the nucleus, and Chadwick discovered the neutrons. Before their discoveries, the widely accepted theory was Thompson's where the electrons and protons are located all inside the nucleus. However, when Rutherford did his gold foil experiment, some of the cathode rays (negatively charged) were reflected back to the source. This is due to the presence of the dense nucleus where the neutron resides.

Density and pressure

C. chemical changeshope i : )