Food chains always begin with what type of organism? Why?

How much would the freezing point of water decrease if 4 mol of sugar were added to 1 kg of water(k=1.86 c/mol/kg for water and i=1 for sugar

Each of the following reactions is allowed to come to equilibrium and then the volume is changed as indicated. predict the effect (shift right, shift left, or no effect) of the indicated volume change. drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.co(g) + h2o(g) < => co2(g) + h2(g) (volume is decreased) pcl3(g) + cl2(g) < => pcl5(g) (volume is increased) caco3(s)< => cao(s) + co2(g) (volume is increased)

How many moles of no2 will form when 3.3 moles of cu are reacted with excess hno3?