An empty beaker was found to have a mass of 50.49 grams. A hydrate of sodium carbonate was added to the beaker. When the beaker and hydrate was weighed again, the new mass was 62.29 grams. The beaker and the hydrated compound were heated and cooled several times to remove all of the water. The beaker and the anhydrate were then weighed and its new mass was determined to be 59.29 grams.

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The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. the ionic radius for na+ is 102 pm and for cl– is 181 pm. in going from na to cl in period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases? a. the inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do. b. the inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion. c. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. d. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. e. monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

In the millikan oil drop experiment they determined that every drop had a charge which was a while number multiple of -1.60x10^-19. if a drop has a total charge of -9.60x10^-19 then how many excess electrons are contained within the drop?