On the illustration above , you have a diagram of paper chromatography . The ink spots are represented at the bottom of the paper and the separated dyes are at different distances towards the top of the paper Why do the components of the dyes move to different heights? a) Different molecules that make up dyes have different particle sizes and affinity for the paper and solvent.
b) Different dyes are made of a single molecule that breaks apart in the solution
c) Dyes separate on paper when they get wet
d) Filter paper has special properties that separates dye

Chromatography is used to separate mixtures of substances into their components. All forms of chromatography work on the same principle. They all have a stationary phase (a solid, or a liquid supported on a solid) and a mobile phase (a liquid or a gas). The mobile phase flows through the stationary phase and carries the components of the mixture with it. Different components travel at different rates. We'll look at the reasons for this further down the page. In paper chromatography, the stationary phase is a very uniform absorbent paper. The mobile phase is a suitable liquid solvent or mixture of solvents.

a)Paper chromatography is an analytical method used to separate colored chemicals or substances.[1] It is primarily used as a teaching tool, having been replaced by other chromatography methods, such as thin-layer chromatography. A paper chromatography variant, two-dimensional chromatography involves using two solvents and rotating the paper 90° in between. This is useful for separating complex mixtures of compounds having similar polarity, for example, amino acids. The setup has three components. The mobile phase is a solution that travels up the stationary phase, due to capillary action. The mobile phase is generally mixture of non-polar organic solvent, while the stationary phase is polar inorganic solvent water. Here paper is used to support the stationary phase, water. Polar water molecules are held inside the void space of cellulose network of the host paper. Difference between TLC and paper chromatography is that stationary phase in TLC is a layer of adsorbent (usually silica gel, or aluminium oxide), and stationary phase in paper chromatography is paper.

b)The majority of natural dyes are derived from plant sources: roots, berries, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens. Most dyes are synthetic, i.e., are man-made from petrochemicals.acid dyes, natural dyes, basic (cationic) dyes, synthetic dyes, direct (substantive) dyes, disperse dyes, sulfur dyes, pigment dyes, mordant dyes, vat dyes, reactive dyes, macromolecular dyes, metallized dyes, naphthol dyes, premetallized dyes, gel dyeing, developed dyes, azo dyes, aniline dyes, anthraquinone dyes.

c)That's called cohesion. Both of these sticky forces - adhesion and cohesion - cause the water to travel up the paper towel, moving against gravity. When the water reaches the ink, it dissolves some of the dyes in the ink, and the dyes travel up the paper towel with the water.

d)Chromatography can be used to separate mixtures of coloured compounds . Mixtures that are suitable for separation by chromatography include inks, dyes and colouring agents in food. Simple chromatography is carried out on paper. A spot of the mixture is placed near the bottom of a piece of chromatography paper.

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