Methods scientists use to determine if a change was physical or chemical.

The atomic radius of sodium is 186 pm and of chlorine is 100 pm. the ionic radius for na+ is 102 pm and for cl– is 181 pm. in going from na to cl in period 3, why does the atomic radius decrease while the ionic radius increases? a. the inner electrons in the sodium cation shield its valence electrons more effectively than the inner electrons in the chloride anion do. b. the inner electrons shield the valence electrons more effectively in the chlorine atom than in the chloride anion. c. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a smaller effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. d. the outermost electrons in chloride experience a larger effective nuclear charge than those in the sodium cation do. e. monatomic ions are bigger than the atoms from which they are formed.

Which of the following did jj thompson discover about atoms? a)an atom has an internal structure. b) atoms are tiny indivisible particles. c)electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom. d) the nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.

Particles vibrate in a rigid structure and do not move relative to their neighbors.