Why would the climates of Austin, Texas and St. Paul, Minnesota be different? (use the map)

a St. Paul is much warmer than Austin due to its closeness to the Great Lakes.
b St. Paul is at a higher latitude than Austin. The farther from the equator you are, the colder it is.
c The Altitude in Austin is much greater than in St. Paul, making Austin much colder
d The climates of both cities are very similar since they are almost lined up north and south of each other.

b

Explanation:

b is the right answer as latitude and distance from equator need to be considered when talking about climate

1. the question asks the most appropriate, which seems to rule out "all of the above." your choice appears to be the correct one.

2. the protocol described is good for identifying correlation, but not cause and effect. for cause/effect, you need to devise a protocol that will assign the treatment (or not) to groups that have essentially the same "demographics" with respect to all the other variables. your choice regarding control group seems appropriate. random assignment of treatment (choice d) may be appropriate also. (i think you can argue that b and d are just different descriptions of the same method.)

3. d will randomize the birds, but may not guarantee there are 10 in each group. e will do both, so seems the better choice.

comment on question 2

based on the problem statement, it seems clear that confident, attentive drivers are more likely to use daytime running lights. so, the protocol might need to be devised in such a way that the lights would be turned on or off without the driver's knowledge. (an attentive driver will figure it out.) assigning a confident, attentive driver to a group required to drive without running lights might mess with his/her confidence and attentiveness. you don't want your experiment to do that. (nor do you want the experiment to subject a driver to greater risk of accident as a consequence of driving without running lights.) experiments involving human safety are always problematic.

plasma is the state of matter where the substance is ionized and has no definite shape or volume. the fact of being ionized makes the substance a good electrical conductor.