What is the standard for comparison in an experiment called?

Which of the following statements concerning the influence of culture on ethnic identity formation is accurate? a. one will reject ethnic identity if cultural stereotypes are encountered. b. if one’s ethnic city is different from the dominant cultural group, then one’s ethnic identity you will become weekend. c. if an the ethnic group is excepted by dominant culture, then ethnic identity formation can be a difficult process. d. similarity to the dominant culture can determine how easy it is for one to except ethnic differences.

A50.0 ml sample of gas at 20.0 atm of pressure is compressed to 40.0 atm of pressure at constant temperature. what is the new volume? 0.0100 ml 0.325 ml 25.0 ml 100. ml

I'm learning about the periodic tables and what each subject's configuration is. for example, hydrogen is 1s^1, but i don't understand how you get that. can someone me understand how to figure out how to figure this out? sorry if the question makes no sense, but it would really a lot if you could me understand! you so much if you can!