Spectroscopy measurements may be made in either percent transmittance (% t) or absorbance (a). based on the mathematical relationship between absorbance and transmittance, a= -log t, explain why calibration curves of absorbance versus concentration may deviate from a straight line when a< 0.1 and when a> 1.

Explanation:

For a spectroscopic experiment to fulfill the Beer Lambert law, one requirement is that every photon of light must have an equal probability of absorption. Anything that disrupts these conditions leads to a deviation from the law.

The Beer Lambert law is given as follows:

A = Log (I₀/I)

One major source of deviation is stray light. This is any light that has a wave length outside the boundaries.

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.