A Geiger counter used in several applications over the course of a typical day produces on the average 100 counts per second. The tube is in the form of a cylinder 5 cm in diameter by 20 cm long and is filled with a mixture of 90% argon and 10% ethanol to a pressure of 0.1 atmosphere. In the Geiger-Muller region, each output count results from the formation of about 1010 ion-electron pairs. How long will it take for one-third of the quenching gas to be used up, thus necessitating replacement of the tube

As it is given that

Using formula

or

where

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

a:

by the combination of an unlimited number of elements