Which electrons participate in chemical bonding

valence electrons

Explanation:-

Chemical bond is formed either by sharing of electrons or transfer of valence electrons.

Chemical reactivity is defined as the tendency of an element to loose or gain electrons which are present in the last or valence shell which are called as valence electrons.

A covalent bond is formed when an element shares its valence electron with another element. This bond is formed between two non metals.

is formed by sharing of valence electrons of hydrogen and fluorine to complete their octet.

An ionic bond is formed when an element completely transfers its valence electron to another element. The element which donates the electron is known as electropositive element and forms a positively charged ion called as cation. The element which accepts the electrons is known as electronegative element and forms a negatively charged ion called as anion.

Thus valence electrons participate in chemical bonding.

c-14 is carbon-14, or radiocarbon.   it is a radioactive isotope of carbon with an atomic nucleus containing 6 protons and 8 neutrons.