How do i classify earth's layers based on their physical properties

There are five layers to the Earth (from the inner to the outer):

The Inner Core- This is composed of a heavy metallic material an Iron ball.

The Outer Core- This is composed of liquid metal that revolves around the inner core creating the Van Allen belt, which is responsible from keeping the suns harmful u.v rays off of us.

Both cores are made of Iron and some nickel and are believed to be about 2900km thick

Two other important ones are the mantles the upper and lower mantle the are separated by the temperature of the magma the inner mantle is much hotter than the outer mantle, which is responsible for the rotation of the crusts in a convection type manner the inner core moves up to the surface and grabs the crusts and rotates it then after it settles back to the bottom. For more info look up tectonic plate theory. The two layers for the mantles are known as Mesosphere(2500 km thick) and Asthenosphere(250 to 350 km) Mesosphere is the inner core and it is made up of solid but soft rock that flows smoothly and the Asthenosphere is made up of solid rocks that are slightly melted.
Last and most important because we live on it is the crust, which is known as the Lithosphere this is mainly solid rock and is around 250 km thick
Hope this helps :)