A sample is found to contain 1.29×10-11 g of salt. Express this quantity in picograms

lithosphere and asthenosphere

since the atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus, as we move to the left on the periodic table, the electrostatic pull between the nucleus and the valence electron shell decreases. as we move down a group (vertical column), the valence shell energy level gets further and further from the nucleus.