Prepare a solution that is 0.1 M acetic acid and 0.1 M sodium acetate by measuring out 5.0 mL of the 1.0 M acetic acid solution and 5.0 mL of the 1.0 M sodium acetate solution in a 100 mL graduated cylinder, diluting the 10.0 mL to a final volume of 50.0 mL with deionized water, and then stirring. Pour this solution into a clean, dry 100 mL breaker. By knowing that the Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 x -5 10 , calculate the theoretical pH of the solution.

4.74

Explanation:

It is possible to find pH of a buffer (The mixture of a weak acid: Acetic acid, with its conjugate base: Sodium acetate) using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log₁₀ [A⁻] / [HA]

Where pKa is -log Ka of the weak acid,  [A⁻] concentration of the conjugate base and [HA] concentration of the weak acid

pKa of acetic acid is -log 1.8x10⁻⁵ = 4.74

The concentration of both, acetic acid and sodium acetate is 0.1M. Replacing in H-H equation:

pH = pKa + log₁₀ [A⁻] / [HA]

pH = 4.74 + log₁₀ [0.1] / [0.1]

pH = 4.74 + log₁₀ 1

pH = 4.74

Theoretical pH is 4.74

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answer : one can design an experiment using a liquid and an additive that can be added to the liquid and observe the chemical changes in the reaction species.

one would need a beaker which is filled with a known amount of the liquid in which thermometer is placed to measure the temperature changes; after addition of the additive to the liquid solution one can note down the temperature change and find whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic in nature. by subtracting the initial temperature value with the final temperature one can find the temperature changes.

various combinations of liquid and additive can be used. liquid in this case can be a known quantity of water and additives can be epsom salt or without epsom salt the experiment can be conducted to notice the changes. water and ice, hydrogen peroxide and dry yeast, vinegar and baking soda,etc.