4. Which of the following statements explains the cause of lanthanide contraction? A. All lanthanides and actinides are radioactive
B. Protons exhibit a stronger pull on outer f orbitals
C. The d orbitals in lanthanides have unpair electrons
D. The d orbitals in actinides have paired electrons

B. PROTONS EXHIBIT STRONGER PULL ON OUTER f ORBITALS

Explanation:

Lanthanide contraction is the greater than normal decrease in the ionic radius of the lanthanide series from atomic number 57 to atomic number 71. This decrease is rather not expected of the ionic radii of these elements and they result in the greater decrease in the subsequent series of the lanthanides from the atomic number 72. The cause of which is as a result of the poor shielding effects of the nuclear charge around the electrons of the f orbitals. So therefore, protons are strongly pulled out of the 4f orbital and as a result of the poor shielding effect which causes the electrons of the 6s orbitals to be drawn more closer to the nucleus and hence resulting in a smaller atomic radii. It is worthy to note that the shielding effects of the inner electrons decreasing from s orbital to the f orbital; that is s > p > d > f. So from the decrease in the shielding effects from s to the f orbitals, lanthanide contraction results from the inability of the orbitals far away from s like the 4f orbiatls to shield the outermost shells of the lanthanide elements. So the cause of lanthanide contraction is the action of the protons which strongly pull the electrons of the f orbitals because of the poor shielding effects due to the distance of this orbital from the nucleus.

the mass of the cathode increases because ions from the solution get reduced to atoms and become part of the cathode.

explanation:

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