What principle do we use in writing the formula of an ionic compound such as NaCl or MgI2? How do we know that two iodide ions are needed for each magnesium ion, whereas only one chloride ion is needed per sodium ion?

We know based on the charges of each ion and the fact that they must always sum to 0

Explanation:

Na only has one outer electon to give so it is always +1

Mg has two outer electrons so it always gets +2

Halogens have one "missing" electron in their outer shell so they get a -1

For NaCl  (+1) + (-1) = 0

For MgI2 (+2) + 2(-1) = 0

water is used to store them because it would keep the radiation from getting out in the open and causing harm to the workers

a polar bond is formed when electrons are shared unevenly between atoms