When ignited, solid ammonium dichromate decomposes in a fiery display. This is the reaction for a "volcano" demonstration. The decomposition produces nitrogen gas, water vapor, and chromium(III) oxide. The temperature is constant at 25°C.

Substance ΔHf° (kJ/mol) S° (kJ/mol K)
Cr2O3(g) –1147 0.08115
H2O(l) –242 0.1187
N2(g) 0 0.1915
(NH4)2Cr2O7(s) –22.5 0.1137

Determine ΔSuniv° (in kJ/mol K).

a) 6.39 b) 7.66 c) 6.03 d) 84.3 e) 5.22

if the concentration of products is decreased, the equilibrium will shift toward the products). add an inert gas (one that is not involved in the reaction) to the constant-volume reaction mixture: this will increase the total pressure of the system, but will have no effect on the equilibrium condition.

explanation:

qualitative observation deals with data that can be observed with our senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing. they do not involve measurements or numbers. for instance, colors, shapes, and textures of objects are all qualitative observations.