In the Fischer esterification reaction, a carboxylic acid reacts with an excess of alcohol in acidic conditions to form an ester. During the reaction the sp2 hybridized carbonyl carbon of the acid forms an sp3 hybridized intermediate before returning to sp2 hybridization in the product. Draw the structure of the neutral sp3 hybridized intermediate and the ester product in the reaction between pentanoic acid and n-propanol.

a rain shadow is a dry region of land on the side that is protected against the prevailing winds of a mountain range. the prevailing winds are the winds that occur most of the time in a particular place of the earth

prevailing winds carry air toward the mountain range. as the air rises up over a mountain range, the air cools, water vapor condenses, and clouds form. on this side of the mountains, called the windward side, precipitation falls in the form of  rain  or snow. this dry air produces a  rain shadow.