Why don’t atoms fall apart ?

Identify the missing numbers below to show the result of multiplying the numbers (1.6 × 10-19)(5.0 × 106) = c × 10d

Which statement correctly describes the phosphate ion, ? it is composed of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms covalently bonded together, and there is a –3 charge distributed over the entire ion. it is composed of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms covalently bonded together, and there is a –3 charge on the phosphorus atom. it is composed of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms ionically bonded together, and there is a –3 charge distributed over the entire ion. it is composed of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms ionically bonded together, and there is a –3 charge on the phosphorus atom.

Who determined the nature of chemical bonds?