1 . heat flow away from the emitting object by means of electromagnetic waves, mostly in the infrared region compressor 2 . the quantity of energy that a given mass of substance must absorb to increase its temperature by a specific amount convection 3 . heat flow due to the mass motion of a fluid entropy 4 . any material that reduces heat flow insulation 5 . a standardized measure of the ability to insulate R-value 6 . a pump that increases the pressure of a gas radiation 7 . a measure of disorder specific heat capacity

)benzene and toluene form nearly ideal solutions. consider an equimolar solution of benzene and toluene. at 20 °c the vapour pressures of pure benzene and toluene are 9.9 kpa and 2.9 kpa, respectively. the solution is boiled by reducing the external pressure below the vapour pressure. calculate (i) the pressure when boiling begins, (ii) the composition of each component in the vapour, and (iii) the vapour pressure when only a few drops of liquid remain. assume that the rate of vaporization is low enough for the temperature to remain constant at 20 °c.