How are signals generated for mass spectrometry?

a. Signals are generated by use of radioactive decay particles from polonium-209.
b. The electromagnetic radiation emitted by the various isotopic atoms in a sample is collected and translated onto an MS spectra.
c. The signals are generated by vibration of the sample and the resulting microwaves being emitted are then measured.
d. High energy X-rays are directed at the sample and the relativeabundance and mass-to-charge ratios of each fragment measured.
e. High energy electrons are directed at the sample and the resulting fragments measured.