Consider a ribosome translating a codon to an amino acid. Compared to a perfect pairing, imagine that a codon-anticodon paring with one incorrect base pair is 10 kJ/mol higher in energy, two incorrect base pairs is 15 kJ/mol higher, and three incorrect base pairs is 20 kJ/mol higher. How many ways are there of making a one-, two-, or three-base-pair mis-match? What is the partition function of the codon-anticodon system at 300 K? If energy difference is the only consideration, what percent of decoding events occur with an error (no mismatches) at 300 K?

There are 9 ways to make a single base mismatch, 27 ways to make a two base pair mismatch and, again, 27 ways to make a three base pair mismatch (and only 1 way to do it correctly). Q = e − U i k b T i ∑ = e − U zeromismatches k b T + 9 × e − U onemismatche k b T + 27 × e − U twomismatches k b T + 27 × e − U threemismatches k b T = e 0 k b T + 9 × e − 10 kJ / mol k b T + 27 × e − 20 kJ / mol k b T 27 × e − 30 kJ / mol k b T = 1 + 9 × (0.018) + 27 × (0.00033) + 27 × (0.000006) = 1 + (0.163) + (0.0089) + (0.00016) =1.17 p 0 = e − U 0 k b T Q = e − 0 k b T 1.17 = 1 1.17 = 0.853 => 85.3% Therefore, approximately 85.3% of all amino acids are translated faithfully. The redundancy built into the genetic code and other energetic considerations raise this number considerably.

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i believe the answer is c. "baking" is the gerund, while "baking blueberry muffins" would be the gerund phrase. hope this ! : )

in 1783 cavendish was working with his hydrogen gas and found that when he burned it and condensed the vapor it was water. this was very significant since it disproved the greek theory of elements completely since water was not a simple substance but the product of two gases. it was lavoisier who hearing of the experiment gave cavendish's gas the name hydrogen ("water-producer") and added that hydrogen burned by combining with oxygen and that water was a hydrogen-oxygen combination.

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