Erin believes she has devised a way to make easy measurements of liquids in a graduated cylinder. She takes the volume reading from the top of the meniscus and a volume reading from the very bottom of the meniscus, and then she averages these readings. Explain why this method is flawed.

Explanation:

The best way to measure the volume of a liquid in a graduated cylinder, read the level at the bottom or the meniscus.

water molecules tends to creeps up on the sides of the cylinder. if you take the reading from the top then, you are making a mistake, because you are reading water creep on the side of the cylinder. The best and accurate way to measure, is to read the bottom of the meniscus.

answer: the rate of diffusion increases with increase in temperature.

increase in temperature, increases the molecular/particles speed (kinetic energy. diffusion means movement of particles through the material.

generally, the heavier the particle the more it interacts with the environment and more the temperature matters. so higher temperature results in higher diffusion.

"among the transition metal elements, manganese and zinc have a slight lowering of electronegativities. the reason behind this is that the nuclear charges of these elements are slightly weaker than the other transition metal elements due to the way their valence electrons are filled up. both manganese and zinc have their valence electrons filled up to the 4th shell with 1 pair of electrons (4s2) completely occupying it. although the electrons in the 3rd shell (3d) are yet to be paired since the outer most shell is filled up, the ability of the nucleus to attract electrons is lessened. hence,   the electronegativity (or the ability to attract electrons) is lessened."