For the decomposition of a to b and c, a(s)⇌b(g)+c(g) how will the reaction respond to each of the following changes at equilibrium?

a. double the concentrations of both products and then double the container volume
b. double the container volume
c. add more a
d. double the concentration of b and halve the concentration of c
e. double the concentrations of both products
f. double the concentrations of both products and then quadruple the container volume

a. No change.    

b. The equilibrium will shift to the right.

c. No change

d. No change

e.  The equilibrium will shift to the left

f.  The equilibrium will shift to the right      

Explanation:

We are going to solve this question by making use of Le Chatelier´s principle which states that any change in a system at equilibrium will react in such a way as to attain qeuilibrium again by changing the equilibrium concentrations attaining   Keq  again.

The equilibrium constant  for  A(s)⇌B(g)+C(g)  

Keq = Kp = pB x pC

where K is the equilibrium constant ( Kp in this case ) and pB and pC are the partial pressures of the gases. ( Note A is not in the expression since it is a solid )

We also use  Q which has the same form as Kp but denotes the system is not at equilibrium:

Q = p´B x p´C where pB´ and pC´ are the pressures not at equilibrium.

a.  double the concentrations of Q which has the same form as Kp but : products and then double the container volume

Effectively we have not change the equilibrium pressures since we know pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

Initially the system will decrease the partial pressures of B and C by a half:

Q = pB´x pC´     ( where pB´and pC´are the changed pressures )

Q = (2 pB ) x (2 pC) = 4 (pB x PC) = 4 Kp  ⇒ Kp = Q/4

But then when we double the volume ,the sistem will react to  double the pressures of A and B. Therefore there is no change.

b.  double the container volume

From part a we know the system will double the pressures of B and C by shifting to the right ( product ) side since the change  reduced the pressures by a half :

Q =  pB´x pC´  = (  1/2 pB ) x ( 1/2 pC )  =  1/4 pB x pC  = 1/4 Kp

c. add more A

There is no change in the partial pressures of B and C since the solid A does not influence the value of kp

d. doubling the  concentration of B and halve the concentration of C

Doubling the concentrantion doubles  the pressure which we can deduce from pV = n RT = c RT ( c= n/V ), and likewise halving the concentration halves the pressure. Thus, since we are doubling the concentration of B and halving that of C, there is no net change in the new equilibrium:

Q =  pB´x pC´  = ( 2 pB ) x ( 1/2 pC ) = K

e.  double the concentrations of both products

We learned that doubling the concentration doubles the pressure so:

Q =  pB´x pC´   = ( 2 pB ) x ( 2 pC ) = 4 Kp

Therefore, the system wil reduce by a half the pressures of B and C by producing more solid A to reach equilibrium again shifting it to the left.

f.  double the concentrations of both products and then quadruple the container volume

We saw from part e that doubling the concentration doubles the pressures, but here afterward we are going to quadruple the container volume thus reducing the pressure by a fourth:

Q =  pB´x pC´   = ( 2 pB/ 4 ) x (2 pC / 4) = 4/16  Kp = 1/4 Kp

So the system will increase the partial pressures of B and C by a factor of four, that is it will double the partial pressures of B and C shifting the equilibrium to the right.

If you do not see it think that double the concentration and then quadrupling the volume is the same net effect as halving the volume.

yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes

explanation:

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.