50.00 ml of 0.10 m hno 2 (nitrous acid, k a = 4.5 × 10 −4) is titrated with a 0.10 m koh solution. after 25.00 ml of the koh solution is added, the ph in the titration flask will be
a. 2.17
b. 3.35
c. 2.41
d. 1.48
e. 7.00

b. 3.35

Explanation:

To calculate the pH of a solution containing both acid and its salt (produced as a result of titration) we need to use Henderson’s equation i.e.

pH = pKa + log ([salt]/[acid])    (Eq. 01)

Where  

pKa = -log(Ka)        (Eq. 02)

[salt] = Molar concentration of salt produced as a result of titration

[acid] = Molar concentration of acid left in the solution after titration

Let’s now calculate the molar concentration of HNO2 and KOH considering following chemical reaction:

HNO2 + KOH ⇆ H2O + KNO2    (Eq. 03)

This shows that 01 mole of HNO2 and 01 mole of KOH are required to produce 01 mole of KNO2 (salt). And if any one of them (HNO2 and KOH) is present in lower amount then that will be considered the limiting reactant and amount of salt produced will be in accordance to that reactant.

Moles of HNO2 in 50 mL of 0.01 M HNO2 solution = 50/1000x0.01 = 0.005 Moles

Moles of KOH in 25 mL of 0.01 M KOH solution = 25/1000x0.01 = 0.0025 Moles

As it can be seen that we have 0.0025 Moles of KOH therefore considering Eq. 03 we can see that 0.0025 Moles of KOH will react with only 0.0025 Moles of HNO2 and will produce 0.0025 Moles of KNO2.

Therefore

Amount of salt produced i.e [salt] = 0.0025 moles      (Eq. 04)

Amount of acid left in the solution [acid] = 0.005 - 0.0025 = 0.0025 moles(Eq.05)

Putting the values in (Eq. 01) from (Eq.02), (Eq. 04) and (Eq. 05) we will get the following expression:

pH= -log(4.5x10 -4) + log (0.0025/0.0025)

Solving above we get  

pH = 3.35

he uptake of drugs from the intestine is often strongly influenced by diffusion. for example, consider a water-insoluble steroid for treating inflammation that is solubilized in aggregates of detergent molecules, called micelles. these micelles, aggregates of 80 soap molecules, have a molecular weight of 24,000, a diameter of 2.6 nm, and a charge of -27. the positively charge ions (counterions) in this system are na".

in the analysis of systems that involve fluid flow, we frequently encounter the combination of properties u and pv.