It is believed that two c-12 nuclei can react in the core of a supergiant star to form na-23 and h-1. calculate the energy released from this reaction for each mole of hydrogen formed. the masses of c-12, na-23, and h-1 are 12. u, 22.989767 u, and 1.007825 u, respectively. 126c + 126c →2311na + 11h 2.16 × 1015 kj

a. 2.16 × 105 kj
b. 2.16 × 1011 kj
c. 2.16 × 108 kj
d. 2.16 × 1014 kj

c. 2.16 × 10^8 kJ

Explanation:

In the given question, 2 C-12 nuclei were used for the reaction and the mass of C-12 is 12.0000 amu. Therefore, for  2 C-12 nuclei, the mass is 2*12.0000 = 24.0000 amu.

In addition, a Na-23 and a H-1 were formed in the process. The combined mass of the products is 22.989767+1.007825 = 23.997592 amu

The mass of the reactant is different from the mass of the products. The difference = 24.0000 amu - 23.997592 amu = 0.002408 amu.

Theoretically, 1 amu = 1.66054*10^-27 kg

Thus, 0.002408 amu = 0.002408*1.66054*10^-27 kg = 3.99858*10^-30 kg

This mass difference is converted to energy and its value can be calculated using:

E = mc^2 = 3.99858*10^-30 *(299792458)^2 = 3.59374*10^-13 J

Furthermore, 1 mole of hydrogen nuclei contains 6.022*10^23 particles. Thus, we have:

E = 3.59374*10^-13 * 6.022*10^23 = 2.164*10^11 J = 2.164*10^8 kJ

most historians agree that gabriel mouton, the vicar of st. paul’s church in lyons, france, is the “founding father” of the metric system. he proposed a decimal system of measurement in 1670. mouton based it on the length of one minute of arc of a great circle of the earth (now called a nautical mile, 1852 meters). he also proposed the swing-length of a pendulum with a frequency of one beat per second as the unit of length (about 25 cm). a pendulum beating with this length would have been fairly easy to produce, thus facilitating the widespread distribution of uniform standards. over the years, his work was revised, improved, and extended by a number of french scientists.

the political sponsor of weights and measures reform in the french revolutionary national assembly was the bishop of autun, better known as talleyrand. under his auspices, the french academy appointed several committees to carry out the work of developing a usable system of weights and measures for france. one of the committees recommended a decimalized measurement system based upon a length equal to one ten-millionth of the length of a quadrant of the earth’s meridian (i.e., one ten-millionth of the distance between the equator and the north pole).