How much energy is required to convert 15.0 g of ice at −106 °c to water vapor at 125 °c? specific heats are 2.09 j/g k for both ice and water vapor, and 4.18 j/g k for liquid water. heats of vaporization and fusion are 2.260 kj/g and 0.335 kj/g, respectively.

49.3 kJ of energy is required

Explanation:

An exercise of calorimetry at its best

First of all, convert the ice to water before melting.

Q = ice mass . C . ΔT

Q = 15 g . 2.09 J/g°C (0° - (-106°C)

15 g . 2.09 J/g°C . 106°C = 3323.1 J

Now we have to melt the ice, to change its state

Q = mass . latent heat of fusion

Q = 15 g . 0.335 kJ/g = 5.025 kJ .1000 = 5025 J

After that, we have liquid water at 0° and the ice has melted completely. We have to release energy to make a temperature change, to 100° (vaporization)

Q = 15g . 4.18 J/g°C (100°C - 0°C)

Q = 6270 J

Water has been vaporizated so we have to calculate, the state change.

Q = mass . latent heat of vap

Q = 15 g. 2.260 kJ/g

Q = 33.9 kJ (.1000) = 33900 J

Finally we have to increase temperature from 100°C to 125°C

Q = 15 g . 2.09 J/g°C . (125°C - 100°C)

Q = 783.75 J

To know how much energy is required to conver 15 g of ice, to water vapor at 125°C, just sum all the heat released.

3323.1 J + 5025 J + 6270 J + 33900 J + 783.75 J = 49301.85 joules.

Notice I have to convert kJ to J in two calcules to make the sum.

49301.85 joules / 1000 = 49.3 kJ

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.

im not exactly sure but i think its b!