Proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up or destroyed in the process are called what

These are called enzymes. The type of enzyme depends on the amino acid sequence used to create the enzyme. Proteins can be broken down into more simple forms, namely amino acids (which is what happens to most the protein you assimilate) and then converted into other, more useful proteins like enzymes. Due to the fact that they speed up reactions, they are often called "Biological Catalysts".

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They are all solids.