Alkyl halides undergo reactions with brønsted-lowry bases. a is a sp² hybridized and trigonal planar and contains a vacant p orbital. all sn2 reactions proceed with attack of the nucleophile, resulting in of configuration at a stereognic center. spreading out charge by the overlap of an empty p orbital with an adjacent σ bond is called . equilibrium favors the products of nucleophilic substitution when the leaving group is a base than the nucleophile. according the to hammond postulate, the stability of the determines the rate of its formation. the formation of equal amounts of two enantiomeric products from a single starting material is called . a is an electron-rich compound, which donates a pair of electrons to an electron deficient compound, forming a covalent bond.

Alkyl halides undergo SN2 reactions with Brønsted-Lowry bases. An ethene is a sp² hybridized and trigonal planar and contains a vacant p orbital. All SN2 reactions proceed with backside attack of the nucleophile, resulting in inversion of configuration at a stereognic center. Spreading out charge by the overlap of an empty p orbital with an adjacent σ bond is called hyperconjugation . Equilibrium favors the products of nucleophilic substitution when the leaving group is a weak base than the nucleophile. According the to Hammond postulate, the stability of the enthalpy determines the rate of its formation. The formation of equal amounts of two enantiomeric products from a single starting material is called racemic mixture . A lewis base is an electron-rich compound, which donates a pair of electrons to an electron deficient compound, forming a covalent bond.

smooth muscle is composed of involuntary muscles found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. those muscles push materials like food or blood through organs. unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle can never be under your control.