In the presence of dissolved oxygen, microorganisms can oxidize

nitrite ions (no–2) to nitrate ions (no–3) via the following reaction:

no−2 + 0.5 o2(aq) −−→ no−3

(a) this reaction is occurring in a batch bioreactor at a rate that is first order with respect
to both no–2 and o2(aq), with k2=3×10^4 l/mol·d . how much time is required for the nitrite
concentration to be reduced from 0.3 mm to 0.1 mm if o2 is resupplied continuously to maintain
the o2(aq) concentration at 4mg/l?

intermolecular forces are the forces between molecules or particles.

there are two kinds of van der waals forces: weak london dispersion forces and stronger dipole-dipole forces.

in molecule of water there are dipole-dipole forces between negatively charged oxygen from one molecule of water and positively charger hydrogen of another molecule of water.

hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen atom (h), covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as flourine (f), oxygen (o) and nitrogen (n) atoms.