Transferring or sharing electrons between atoms forms

Iknow the answer to 13 is b and 14 is d. i just need to know why the correct answers are correct

Which statement is true about a catalyst? a: a catalyst decreases the rate of the reaction. b. a catalyst is consumed during a chemical reaction. c. a catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction. d. a catalyst increases the reactant concentration during a reaction.

In a heat engine of 1000 j of heat enters the system and the piston does 500 j of work what is the final internal energy of the system if the inital energy was 2000 j we have to do all of these down here 1)write the equation 2)list out your know variables 3)plug the numbers into the equations 4)solve 5)write your solution statemtn that includes inital energuy and final energuy added