Jody is trying to find out how much salt will dissolve in 200 ml of water. she adds salt to the beaker of water, but the salt seems to
just sit on the bottom of the beaker. what can jody do to the salt dissolve?

There are three things you can do to dissolve the salt in water:

1) Stir the solution - you increase the rate at which water molecules will come in contact with the salt crystals

2) Grind the salt - the surface area of the salt will increase thus the contact area between ionic lattice of the crystal that can interact with water, is bigger

3) Increase the temperature - this will increase even more the rate of the solvation by increasing the kinetic energy of the particles

the number of valence electrons for each molecule or ion is shown beneath the structure. remember hydrogen will not have more than two electrons. this hydrogen is part of a covalent bond (sharing two electrons). a double bond here would cause hydrogen to share four electrons with phosphorus.