Chemistry, 24.09.2019 23:11 gigioschoch

Identify the initiation, propagation, and termination steps for the following accident report. suggest ways to prevent and contain the accident. b. an alkylation unit was being started up after shutdown because of electrical outage. when adequate circulation could not be maintained in a deisobutanizer heater circuit, it was decided to clean the strainer. workers had depressurized the tank and removed all but three of the flange bolts when a pressure release blew a black material from the flange, followed by butane vapors. the vapors were carried to a furnace 100 ft away, where they ignited, flashing back to the flange. the ensuing fire exposed a fractionation tower and horizontal receiver drums. these drums exploded, rupturing pipelines, which added more fuel. the explosions and heat caused loss of insulation from the 8-ft x 122-ft fractionator tower, causing it to weaken and fall across two major pipelines, breaking piping - which added more fuel to the fire. extinguishment, achieved basically by isolating the fuel source, took 2 7 hours. the fault was traced to a 10-in valve that had been prevented from closing the last 3/4-inch by a fine powder of carbon and iron oxide. when the flange was opened, this powder blew out, allowing liquid butane to be released.

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he uptake of drugs from the intestine is often strongly influenced by diffusion. for example, consider a water-insoluble steroid for treating inflammation that is solubilized in aggregates of detergent molecules, called micelles. these micelles, aggregates of 80 soap molecules, have a molecular weight of 24,000, a diameter of 2.6 nm, and a charge of -27. the positively charge ions (counterions) in this system are na".

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it is stable as it is in group 0 which have full outer shells of electrons

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Hbr dissociates to form h+ and br-ca(oh)2 dissociates to form ca2+ and 2oh-the h+ and oh- react to form waterassuming the reactants are dissolved in water, the net reaction is h+ + oh- —> h2oif you’re asked to show all components of the reaction, the complete reaction is 2hbr + ca(oh)2 —> cabr2 + 2h2o

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Answerthis solution will not form a precipitateexplanationsolubility equilbrium: pbf₂(s) ⇄ pb²⁺(aq) + 2 f⁻(aq)the solubility product expression is $k_{sp} = [\text{pb}^{2+}][\text{f}^- ]^2 = 4 \times 10^{-8}$ (we exclude solids from the equilibrium expression).now suppose we have the trial ion product q, which we can define as $q = [\text{pb}^{2+}]_{\text{initial}} \cdot [\text{f}^- ]^2_{\text{initial}}$ then, we can interpret q as the product of the concentration of the ions that we have and ksp as the product of the ion concentrations that are needed to form a saturated solution.if q > ksp, then that implies that there will be a surplus of ions that exceed the amount that is required to form a saturated solution. a precipitate will then form (the precipitate continually forms until the surplus ions are removed and q is decreased to ksp's value).if q = ksp, the saturated solution that forms is barely saturated and the precipitate will be minimal.if q < ksp, then the ion concentration will not be enough to form a saturated solution (so no precipitate).using our information, we calculate the trial ion product: $\begin{aligned} q & = [\text{pb}^{2+}]_{\text{initial}} \cdot [\text{f}^- ]^2_{\text{initial}} \\ & = (1.9 \times 10^{-3} ) (3.8\times 10^{3})^2 \\ & = 2.7 \times 10^{-8} \end{aligned}$ since q = 2.7 × 10⁻⁸ < ksp = 4 × 10⁻⁸, a precipitate will not form.

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