All six carbon-carbon bonds in aromatic rings are equivalent; they are each somewhere between a single bond and a double bond. this phenomenon is called hydrogenation aromatization isomerization resonance

resonance

Explanation:

Resonance is the phenomenon that explains the bonding in the certain molecules or the ions by combination of different contributing structures into the resonance hybrid.

Resonance structures are the set of two or more than two Lewis Structures which collectively describe bonding of the molecule by using fractional bonds and fractional charges.

Consider the case of benzene, in which there are three double bonds and three single bonds but the actual bond length of the C-C bond in benzene is in between single and double bond. This is because of resonance.

trigonal pyramidal

tetrahedral

trigonal planar

bent

explanation:

metals have excess of electrons whereas non-metals have deficiency of electrons. thus, in order to gain stability metals easily donate their electrons to the non-metals.

for example, electronic configuration of sodium is and electronic configuration of phosphorous is .

when a phosphorous atom and sodium atom combine together then sodium will donate is extra one electron to the phosphorous atom. as a result there will be formation of ionic bond between sodium and phosphorous.

the reaction will be as follows.

there, are three sodium sodium atoms and each of them will donate its one extra electron to phosphorous atom. thus, the sub-shell of phosphorous gets completely filled.  

thus, we can conclude that electrons are transferred from atoms of sodium to atoms of phosphorous. this transfer makes the sodium atoms donate one electron and the phosphorous atoms to gain one electron. as a result, the sodium and phosphorus atoms strongly attract each other.