The species formed when a proton is removed from an acid is called the a. antacid. b. buffer c. conjugate acid. d. conjugate base. e. cation

d. conjugate base.

Explanation:

Conjugate base -

As , a proton is removed from an acid , it lead to the formation of a conjugate base .

For example ,

Consider an acid HA , the proton is lost from the acid in the following way -

HA >  H⁺   +    A⁻  

H⁺  is the proton lost

And ,

A⁻  is the conjugate base .

Hence , from the given option of the statement , the correct term is  d. conjugate base .

hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only hydrogens and carbons. they can be saturated (those which contain only carbon-carbon single bonds) or unsaturated (those which contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds) in nature. hydrocarbons can undergo several reactions like substitution, elimination etc.  

on substituting one or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbon it results in the formation of haloalkane. as the halogen atoms are large compared to the carbon and hydrogen atoms, due to which the molecular weight increases and the bond become polar because of presence electronegative halogen atom and results in the increase in boiling point of the haloalkane.

thus, the correct option is (b) that is the boiling point of the new compound increases on substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon.