Explain the basic principles of a membrane separation unit operation

Explanation:

Membrane is a barrier that separates two phases and that totally or partially restricts the transport of one or more chemical species present in the phases.  The membrane separation method is based on the use of chemical potential and/or electrical potential gradient as the driving force for the separation.  The membrane separation  unit operation is based on the use of chemical potential and/or electrical potential gradient as the driving force for the separation.

Given that chemical potential is a function of pressure, temperature and concentration, and that membrane separation processes are generally operated at a constant temperature, both concentration gradients and pressure gradients can act as driving forces capable of promoting the transport of a given species across the membrane.

Examples of processes where the driving force is the pressure gradient are: Microfiltration, Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis. Processes where the driving force are the concentration gradient: gas permeation, dialysis. Processes whose driving force is the electric potential gradient: electrodialysis.

- aluminum and copper chloride.

- the chloride ion to separate the aluminum from the oxygen so that the aluminum can react with the copper ions (and the water molecules).

answer is: c. the experiment shows that the red substance experienced a chemical change.

this is chemical change (chemical reaction), because two new substances are formed (metalig liquid and gas), the atoms are rearranged and the reaction is followed by an energy change.

this is example of chemical decomposition.

chemical decomposition (analysis) is the separation of a single chemical compound into its two or more elemental parts or to simpler compounds.  

chemical decomposition is opposite of chemical synthesis.