Which of the following gases will have the slowest rate of effusion?

water vapor (m = 18 g/mol)
oxygen gas (m = 32 g/mol)
hydrogen gas (m = 2.0 g/mol)
carbon dioxide (m = 44 g/mol)

some sources quote the lethal dose, for an average 170lbs opiate-naive individual is between 75 and 375 mg

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substituting a hydrogen atom with a halogen in a hydrocarbon:

- the single bond remains single. a is wrong.

- the bond with hydrogen is as strong as with a halogen. c is wrong

- a hydrocarbon is saturated if there is no double bond. we do not know that so d is wrong.

- carbon will always have four valence electrons. e is wrong.

by elimination, the correct answer is b. the boiling point of the new compound increases.