100 points! formation of an ion

aluminum is one of the most common elements in earth's crust, yet it is never found as a pure element in nature. that is, aluminum atoms are always combined with atoms of other elements, such as oxygen. an aluminum oxide compound you will recognize by its name is the gemstone called "ruby". its chemical formula is

al2o3

if every oxygen ion (combined with an aluminum ion) has a charge of -2, what must the charge of each aluminum ion be? how can you tell this? also, what has to happen to an uncharged aluminum atom so that it will bond with oxygen?

disclaimer: if the question is not answered fully or if it makes no sense it will be reported

Joseph has hypothesized that sound travels in waves. if he were following the scientific method, what should he do next? a. ask a question. b. test the hypothesis. c. study the results. d. tell other scientists about his hypothesis.

13. calculate the initial concentration (before precipitation) of carbonate ions after the addition of each 0.05 ml of solution b to the 1.00 l beaker of solution a. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3. assume the volume change as solution b is added is negligible. 14. notice the initial concentrations of zn2+ - and cu2+ in the table in model 3. a. explain how these were obtained from the data in model 2. b. as solution b is added and precipitates form, do these initial concentrations change? 15. use the data in model 2 to indicate the presence of precipitate (either znco3 or cuco3) after each 0.05 ml addition of solution b in model 3. 16. use the initial concentrations of carbonate ions and zinc ions to calculate the reaction quotient, qsp for the zinc carbonate scenarios in model 3. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3. 17. use the initial concentrations of carbonate ion and copper(ii) ions to calculate the qsp for the copper(ii) carbonate scenarios in model 3. divide the work among group members and write the answers in the table in model 3.

When did stem cell research become known ? who discovered stem cell? what experiments or studies have been conducted so far?