Briefly explain the process of refining of petroleum.

Answer with Explanation

Petroleum refining or Oil refining is a manufacturing method in which crude oil is removed from the ground, molded and purified into valuable products like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. Crude Oil contains hydrocarbon molecules. Refining Petroleum refining relates to the method of transforming crude oil into useful products. Crude oil is made of hundreds of various hydrocarbon molecules, which are distributed by the method of refining.

Answerthis solution will not form a precipitateexplanationsolubility equilbrium:         pbf₂(s)  ⇄ pb²⁺(aq) + 2 f⁻(aq)the solubility product expression is    (we exclude solids from the equilibrium expression).now suppose we have the trial ion product q, which we can define as    then, we can interpret  q as the product of the concentration of the ions that we have and ksp as the product of the ion concentrations that are needed to form a saturated solution.if q > ksp, then that implies that there will be a surplus of ions that exceed the amount that is required to form a saturated solution. a precipitate will then form (the precipitate continually  forms until the surplus ions are removed and q is decreased to ksp's value).if q = ksp, the saturated solution that forms is barely saturated and the precipitate will be minimal.if q < ksp, then the ion concentration will not be enough to form a saturated solution (so no precipitate).using our information, we calculate the trial ion product:     since q = 2.7  × 10⁻⁸ < ksp =  4  ×  10⁻⁸, a precipitate will not form.

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